Interacción de Genes Bio-Sociales en la Expresión de la Diabesidad
Resumen
Introducción. La diabesidad es el concepto para describir la ocurrencia de la diabetes y la obesidad de forma simultánea. En el mundo, cada día aumentan las cifras de personas con esta condición y se espera un crecimiento aún más elevado para años futuros, lo cual puede ser catastrófico para la salud individual, salud pública, economía y sistemas sanitarios. Desarrollo. Para comprender el fenómeno de la diabesidad se deben analizar diferentes factores. En este ensayo se plantean dos teorías con las que se puede dar sustento al desarrollo del padecimiento: Teoría del gen ahorrador de energía y desarrollo de genes sociales en el medio obesogénico. Conclusión. La diabesidad es un fenómeno complejo, multi-etiológico, basado en la influencia de las condiciones fisiológicas individuales y las condiciones del contexto social.
Palabras clave:
obesidad, diabetes, determinantes sociales de la salud
Texto completo:
Referencias
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Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Caro JF. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normalweight and obese humans. NEJM. 1996;334(5):292-295
Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, RuizFernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay M, et al. Obesity, fat mass and immune system: role for leptin. Front physiol. 2018;9:640.
Khatua B, El-Kurdi B, Patel K, Rood C, Noel P, Crowell M, et al. Adipose saturation reduces lipotoxic systemic inflammation and explains the obesity paradox. Sci Adv. 2021;7(5). [en línea] Doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6449
Bastarrachea RA, Cole SA, Comuzzie AG. Genómica de la regulación del peso corporal: mecanismos moleculares que predisponen a la obesidad. Rev Med Clin. 2004;123(3):104-117.
Oikonomou EK, Antoniades C. The role of adipose tissue in cardiovascular health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(2):83-99.
Engin A. Adiponectin-resistance in obesity. En: Engin A. Obesity and lipotoxicity. Springer, Cham. 2017;415-441. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_18
Saad EA, Habib SA, Refai WA, Elfayoumy AA. Malondialdehyde, adiponectin, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and insulin resistance relationships and interrelationships in type 2 diabetes early stage. Is metformin alone adequate in this stage? Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017;9(10):176-181.
Bastarrachea RA. Prevención cardiovascular: los olvidados factores de riesgo no convencionales en la era de la adiponectina. Obesidad y Diabetes. 2007;13:5-8
Boles A, Kandimalla R, Reddy PH. Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: Epidemiological perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017;1863(5):1026-1036. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.016
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición [en línea]. Cuernavaca, México; 2018. [en línea] https://ensanut.insp.mx/encuestas/ensanut2018/doctos/informes/ensanut_2018_presentacion_resultados.pdf
Weisman A, Fazli GS, Johns A, Booth GL. Evolving trends in the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of type 2 diabetes: a review. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(5):552-564. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2018.03.002
Lipowska M, Lipowski M, Jurek P, Jankowska AM, Pawlicka P. Gender and Body-Fat Status as Predictors of Parental Feeding Styles and Children’s Nutritional Knowledge, Eating Habits and Behaviours. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(5):852. [en línea] Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050852
Real Academia de la Lengua Española. “Gen” [en línea]: https://dle.rae.es/gen?m=form
Blazer DG, Hernandez LM. Genes, behavior, and the social environment: Moving beyond the nature/nurture debate. NAP: Washington D.C. 2006. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11693
Li Y, Guo G. Peer Influence on Obesity: Evidence from a Natural Experiment of a Gene-Environment Interaction. Soc Sci Res. 2021;93:102483. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102483
Krebs JR, Davies NB. Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Fourth ed. Australia: Blackwell Publishing; 2009.
Cole SW. Social regulation of human gene expression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009;18(3):132–137. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01623.x
World Health Organization. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. [en línea]. Ginebra: WHO, 2010. [en línea]: https://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/ConceptualframeworkforactiononSDH_eng.pdf
Tuchman A. 4 Native Peoples and the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis. En: Diabetes: A History of Race and Disease. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2020:102-144. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300256307-005
Kagawa Y, Yanagisawa Y, Hasegawa K, Suzuki H, Yasuda K, Kudo H, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of thrifty genes for energy metabolism: evolutionary origins and prospects for intervention to prevent obesity-related diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;295(2):207-222. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00680-0
Genné-Bacon EA. Thinking evolutionarily about obesity. YJBM. 2014;87(2):99. [en línea] Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031802/
Min J, Jahns L, Xue H, Kandiah J, Wang Y. Americans’ perceptions about fast food and howthey associate with its consumption and obesity risk. Adv Nutr. 2018;9(5):590-601. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy032
Leandro CG, Fonseca EVDSD, de Lim CR, Tchamo ME, Ferreira-e-Silva WT. Barriers and enablers that influence overweight/obesity/obesogenic behavior in adolescents from lower-middle income countries: a systematic review. FNB. 2019;40(4):562-571. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119853926
Bastarrachea RA, Laviada-Molina H, MachadoDomínguez I, Kent JrJ, López-Alvarenga JC, Comuzzie AG. El receptor de insulina como objetivo farmacogenómico: potenciando su señalización intracelular. Rev Endocrinol Nutr. 2005;13(4):180-189.
McLaughlin T, Sherman A, Tsao P, Gonzalez O, Yee G, Lamendola C, et al. Enhanced proportion of small adipose cells in insulin-resistant vs insulinsensitive obese individuals implicates impaired adipogenesis. Diabetologia. 2007;50(8):1707-1715.
Van Herpen NA, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissue and lipotoxicity. Physiol Behav. 2008;94(2):231-241. [en línea] Doi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.049
Goossens GH. The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Physiol Behav. 2008;94(2):206-218.[21] Coleman DL. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia.
1973;9(4):294-298.
Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Caro JF. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normalweight and obese humans. NEJM. 1996;334(5):292-295
Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, RuizFernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay M, et al. Obesity, fat mass and immune system: role for leptin. Front physiol. 2018;9:640.
Khatua B, El-Kurdi B, Patel K, Rood C, Noel P, Crowell M, et al. Adipose saturation reduces lipotoxic systemic inflammation and explains the obesity paradox. Sci Adv. 2021;7(5). [en línea] Doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6449
Bastarrachea RA, Cole SA, Comuzzie AG. Genómica de la regulación del peso corporal: mecanismos moleculares que predisponen a la obesidad. Rev Med Clin. 2004;123(3):104-117.
Oikonomou EK, Antoniades C. The role of adipose tissue in cardiovascular health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(2):83-99.
Engin A. Adiponectin-resistance in obesity. En: Engin A. Obesity and lipotoxicity. Springer, Cham. 2017;415-441. [en línea] Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_18
Saad EA, Habib SA, Refai WA, Elfayoumy AA. Malondialdehyde, adiponectin, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and insulin resistance relationships and interrelationships in type 2 diabetes early stage. Is metformin alone adequate in this stage? Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017;9(10):176-181.
Bastarrachea RA. Prevención cardiovascular: los olvidados factores de riesgo no convencionales en la era de la adiponectina. Obesidad y Diabetes. 2007;13:5-8
