Nanotecnología y Agricultura: Detección, Monitoreo y Remediación de Contaminantes
Resumen
La nanotecnología aplicada en el sector alimentario es relativamente nueva, sin embargo es una de las áreas con mayor crecimiento en los últimos años, ya que ofrece gran innovación para producir suficientes alimentos y de alta calidad minimizando el riesgo inminente de los agroquímicos. Los pesticidas, herbicidas y fertilizantes se han usado de forma indiscriminada con el único fin de mantener la seguridad alimentaria sin importar los riesgos asociados a la salud. El desarrollo de nuevos nanodispositivos utilizados en la agricultura ha demostrado mejor eficiencia en la producción de alimentos de calidad. El potencial que tiene la nanotecnología para transformar las prácticas agrícolas actuales ayudara a disminuir la cantidad de plaguicidas carcinogénicos que llegan al ser humano por consumo de alimentos altamente expuestos a estas sustancias, manteniendo la seguridad alimentaria, además de evitar que el excedente de agroquímicos genere resistencia microbiana. La dosificación y liberación controlada de los agroquímicos nanopartículados aumenta la efectividad de estos, generando alimentos resistentes al ataque de plagas por durante más tiempo en comparación con los cultivos obtenidos por los métodos tradicionales. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo mostrar los usos y aplicaciones que tienen los dispositivos, pesticidas y fertilizantes generados por la nanoagricultura, y como éstos ayudaran a modificar las técnicas de la agricultura tradicional, que ofrezcan resultados positivos en la salud, sustentabilidad y minimización de la contaminación.
Palabras clave:
pesticidas, nanodispositivos, sustentabilidad, salud, nanoagricultura
Texto completo:
Referencias
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Callaghan, K., & Kerry, J. (2016). Consumer attitudes towards the application of smart packaging technologies to cheese products. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 9, 1-9.
Cásarez, S.R.G., Chanona-P.J.J., Reséndiz, M.C.A., Güemes, V.N., Manzo, R.A., Perea, F.M.J. & Marin, B.M.Q. (2019). Nanoagriculture and energy advances. Plant Nanobionics. Prassad Ram, Advances in the Understanding of Nanomaterials Research and Applications. (1ed., Vol.1, pp.141-164). Springer Nature Switzerland.
Chookhongkha, N., Sopondilok, T., & Photchanachai, S. (2013). Effect of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles on fungal growth and chilli seed quality. Acta Hortic. 973, 231-237 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.973.32. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.973.32
Ditta, A. (2012). How helpful is nanotechnology in agriculture?. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 3.10.1088/2043-6262/3/3/033002.
FAOSTAT, (2020). Pesticides use. In: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP/metadata última actualización 10 de septiembre del 2020.
Hernández, A.A., & Hansen, A.M. (2011). Uso de plaguicidas en dos zonas agrícolas de México y evaluación de la contaminación de agua y sedimentos. Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental, 27(2), 115-127.
Jampílek, J., & Králova, K. (2015). Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and food industry, its prospects and risks. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S. 22(3), 321-361
Khataee, A.R., Fathinia, M., & Joo, S.W. (2013). Simultaneous monitoring of photocatalysis of three pharmaceuticals by immobilized TiO2 nanoparticles: chemometric assessment, intermediates identification and ecotoxicological evaluation. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 112, 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.028
Kouzayha, A., Rabaa, A.R., Iskandarani, M., Beh, D., Budzinski, H., & Jaber., F. (2012). Multi residue method for determination of 67 pesticides in water samples using solid phase extraction with centrifugation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 3, 257–265, https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2012.33034.
Malato, S., Blanco, J., Cáceres, J., Fernández, A.A., Agüera, A., & Rodríguez, A. (2002). Photocatalytic treatment of water-soluble pesticides by photo Fenton and TiO2 using solar energy. Catalysis Today, 76, 209-220.
Mancilla, V.O.R., Ortega, E.H.M., Ramírez, A.C., Uscanga, M.E., Ramos, B.R., & Reyes, O.A.L. (2012). Total heavy metals and arsenic in irrigation water of Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. Revista Internacional De Contaminacion Ambiental, 28, 39-48.
Nevermann, K.S., & Guzmán, E. (2004). Deteccion de plaguicidas en vegetales de costa rica mediante la inhibicion de colinesterasas humanas. Archivos Latinoamericanos De Nutricion, 54, 444-448.
Nicolopoulou, S.P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P.M., & Hens, L. (2016). Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: The Urgent Need for a New Concept in Agriculture. Frontiers in Public Health, 4.
Nodeh, H.R., Ibrahim, W., Kamboh, M.A., & Sanagi, M.M. (2015). Dispersive graphene-based silica coated magnetic nanoparticles as a new adsorbent for preconcentration of chlorinated pesticides from environmental water. RSC Advances, 5, 76424-76434.
Ocsoy, I., Paret, M.L., Ocsoy, M.A., Kunwar, S., Chen, T., You, M., & Tan, W. (2013). Nanotechnology in plant disease management: DNA-directed silver nanoparticles on graphene oxide as an antibacterial against Xanthomonas perforans. ACS nano, 7(10), 8972–8980. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4034794
Oliveira, G.C., Moccelini, S.K., Castilho, M., Terezo, A.J., Possavatz, J., Magalhães, M., & Dores, E. (2012). Biosensor based on atemoya peroxidase immobilised on modified nanoclay for glyphosate biomonitoring. Talanta, 98, 130-6.
Prasad, T., Sudhakar, P., Sreenivasulu, Y., Latha, P., Munaswamy, V., Reddy, K.R., Sreeprasad, T.S., Sajanlal, P.R., & Pradeep, T. (2012). Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35, 905 - 927.
Qian, K., Shi, T., Tang, T., Zhang, S., Liu, X., & Cao, Y. (2011). Preparation and characterization of nano sized calcium carbonate as controlled release pesticide carrier for validamycin against Rhizoctonia solani. Microchimica Acta, 173, 51-57.
Sahoo, D., Mandal, A., Mitra, T., Chakraborty, K., Bardhan, M., & Dasgupta, A. (2018). Nanosensing of Pesticides by Zinc Oxide Quantum Dot: An Optical and Electrochemical Approach for the Detection of Pesticides in Water. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 66(2), 414-423 .
Saraji, M., Jafari, M., & Sherafatmand, H. (2014). Sol–gel/nanoclay composite as a solid-phase microextraction fiber coating for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407, 1241-1252.
Singh, N.A. (2016). Nanotechnology Definitions, Research, Industry and Property Rights.
US National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2018). What is nanotechnology? In: Nano.gov, www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition [Accessed 9 November 19].
Vargas, S.D.R., & Zamora, F.J. L. (2017). Diseño y simulación de estructuras de sensores de microondas planares para la detección de presencia de glifosato en el agua. Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia. In: https://repository.ucatolica.edu.co/handle/10983/15293 [Accessed 23 October 2020].
Wanjeri, V., Sheppard, C., Prinsloo, A., Ngila, J.C., & Ndungu, P. (2018). Isotherm and kinetic investigations on the adsorption of organophosphorus pesticides on graphene oxide based silica coated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with 2-phenylethylamine. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 6, 1333-1346.
Yuvaraj, M., & Subramanian, K. (2015). Controlled-release fertilizer of zinc encapsulated by a manganese hollow core shell. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 61, 319 - 326.
Zamora, R., Ayala, F.E., López, M.S., Barceló, Ó., Gómez, R.W., Mazariego, J.L., Navarro, G.R., & Schouwenaars, R. (2016). Optimisation and analysis of the synthesis of a cellular glass-ceramic produced from water purification sludge and clay. Applied Clay Science, 123, 232-238.
Zheng, X., He, L., Duan, Y., Jiang, X., Xiang, G., Zhao, W., & Zhang, S. (2014). Poly(ionic liquid) immobilized magnetic nanoparticles as new adsorbent for extraction and enrichment of organophosphorus pesticides from tea drinks. Journal of chromatography. A, 1358, 39-45.
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