Efectos Neurobiológicos del Maltrato Infantil y otras Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia: Una Revisión Bibliográfica
Resumen
Introducción. El maltrato infantil (MI) es un problema grave que experimenta un tercio de la población mundial. Está asociado a un patrón de desarrollo alterado que configura las condiciones para el establecimiento de distintas psicopatologías. Se ha generado una vasta bibliografía que reporta cambios en todos los niveles de la neurobiología de quien experimenta MI u otras Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia (EAI), sin embargo, son pocos los trabajos que integran estos hallazgos. Objetivo. Revisar publicaciones que reporten cambios asociados a EAI desde el nivel genético hasta la función cerebral. Resultados. Se encontraron reportados cambios asociados al MI en: la metilación del ADN, especialmente en genes relacionados a la respuesta al estrés; la morfología y la función de las células del sistema nervioso; el volumen de la amígdala, el hipocampo, la corteza frontal y otras regiones cerebrales; e hiper o hipofuncionalidad de distintas redes cerebrales y neuroendócrinas, principalmente las asociadas al procesamiento de estímulos emocionales, en las conductas sociales y otros procesos cognitivos. Conclusión. Conocer las consecuencias de las EAI en distintas escalas de la neurobiología permite una comprensión profunda del fenómeno y nos acerca a explicar su relación con la psicopatología infantil y adulta. El MI y otras EAI se asocian a cambios en todos los niveles de la neurobiología de quien las experimenta, esto evidencia la gravedad y trascendencia de este problema de salud mental.
Palabras clave:
maltrato infantil, abuso infantil, experiencias adversas de la infancia
Texto completo:
Referencias
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Debnath, R., Tang, A., Zeanah, C.H., Nelson, C.A., & Fox, N.A. (2020). The long-term effects of institutional rearing, foster care intervention and disruptions in care on brain electrical activity in adolescence. Developmental Science, 23(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12872
Demers, L.A., Handley, E.D., Hunt, R.H., Rogosch, F.A., Toth, S.L., Thomas, K.M., & Cicchetti, D. (2019). Childhood Maltreatment Disrupts Brain Mediated Pathways Between Adolescent Maternal Relationship Quality and Positive Adult Outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 24(4), 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519847770
Dunn, E.C., Soare, T.W., Zhu, Y., Simpkin, A. J., Suderman, M.J., Klengel, T., Smith, A.D. A.C., Ressler, K.J., & Relton, C.L. (2019). Sensitive Periods for the Effect of Childhood Adversity on DNA Methylation: Results From a Prospective, Longitudinal Study. Biological Psychiatry, 85(10), 838–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.023
Dunsmoor, J.E., Kroes, M.C.W., Li, J., Daw, N.D., Simpson, H.B., & Phelps, E.A. (2019). Role of human ventromedial prefrontal cortex in learning and recall of enhanced extinction. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(17), 3264–3276. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2713-18.2019
Everaerd, D., Gerritsen, L., Rijpkema, M., Frodl, T., Van Oostrom, I., Franke, B., Fernández, G., & Tendolkar, I. (2012). Sex modulates the interactive effect of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and childhood adversity on hippocampal volume. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(8), 1848–1855. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.32
Frodl, T., Reinhold, E., Koutsouleris, N., Donohoe, G., Bondy, B., Reiser, M., Möller, H.J., & Meisenzahl, E. M. (2010). Childhood Stress, Serotonin Transporter Gene and Brain Structures in Major Depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(6), 1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.8
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Gunnar, M.R., Frenn, K., Wewerka, S.S., & Van Ryzin, M. J. (2009). Moderate versus severe early life stress: Associations with stress reactivity and regulation in 10-12-year-old children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.013
Heim, C.M., Mayberg, H.S., Mletzko, T., Nemeroff, C.B., & Pruessner, J.C. (2013). Decreased cortical representation of genital somatosensory field after childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(6), 616–623. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070950
Heim, C., Newport, D.J., Wagner, D., Wilcox, M.M., Miller, A.H., & Nemeroff, C.B. (2002). The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women: A multiple regression analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 15(3), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10015
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