Escala Visual Análoga Wong-Baker FACES® y su Utilidad en la Odontología Infantil
Resumen
El dolor es una sensación que se experimenta en algún momento de nuestra vida y a medida que uno va creciendo, uno en cierta medida se acostumbra a él y comienza a diferenciarlo en cuanto a su gravedad de otras sensaciones como la molestia, pero es en edades tempranas en que por primera vez el dolor es una sensación novedosa. Para los profesionales de la salud es necesario conocer más a fondo lo que sienten los pacientes con el fin de tener un marco de referencia, que los conduzca a trabajar en métodos, técnicas y escalas para obtener información. Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale (Escala de clasificación del dolor Wong Baker FACES®), es una de estas escalas de medición, una escala visual análoga (EVA) que por ser simple en su construcción, fácil de entender y manipular es una de las más utilizadas en pacientes pediátricos. Es importante señalar que si bien la escala Wong-Baker FACES® no es completamente objetiva y presenta sus limitaciones, es una de las mejores herramientas con las que podemos contar en la actualidad en el ámbito odontológico para medir el dolor.
Palabras clave:
dolor, dolor dental, dentista, escala visual análoga, Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale
Texto completo:
Referencias
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McCaul KD, Mallot JM. Distraction and coping with pain. Psychol Bull 1984; 95: 516-33.
Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Dental fear/anxiety and dental behaviour management problems in children and adolescents: a review of prevalence and concomitant psychological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007, 17(6): 391-406.
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Wong-Baker FACES Foundation. Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale. Estados Unidos de America: Elsevier Inc; 2016 (Actualizado 2016; Consultado 2018 Agosto 11). Disponible en: www. wongbakerfaces.org
Stevens SS. On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 1946; 103: 677-680.
Ruskin DA, Amaria KA, Warnock FF, McGrath PA. (2011) Assessment of pain in infants and adolescents. Ed. In D.C. Turk & R. Melza, Handbook of pain assessment. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Tomlinson D, Von Baeyer CL, Stinson JN, Sung L. A systematic review of faces scales for the self-report of pain intensity in children. Pediatrics 2010; 126: 1168–1198.
Von Baeyer CL. Children’s self-report of pain intensity: What we know, where we are headed. Pain Research & Management 2009; 14: 39–45.
Tesler M, Savedra M, Holzemer W, Wilkie D, Ward J, Paul S. The wordgraphic rating scale as a measure of children’s and adolescents’ pain intensity. Res Nurs Health 1991; 14: 361-371.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Reference Manual; Pediatr Dent 2014; 36(6): 180–90.
Anderson NH. Foundations of information integration theory. New York: Academic Press; 1981.
Belter RW, McIntosh JA, Finch Jr AJ, Saylor CF. Preschoolers’ ability to differentiate levels of pain: Relative efficacy of three self-report measures. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1988; 17:
329–335.
McGrath PA, Seifert CE, Speechley KN. A new analogue scale for assessing children’s pain: an initial validation. Pain 1996; 64: 435-43.
Chambers CT, Giesbrecht K, Craig KD. A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: children’s and parent’ rating. Pain 1999; 83: 25-35.
Spagrud LJ, Piira T, Von Baeyer CL. Children’s self report of pain intensity. Am J Nurs. 2003; 103(12): 62– 64.
Beyer JE, Aradine CR. Content validity of an instrument to measure young children’s perceptions of the intensity of their pain. J Pediatr Nurs. 1986; 1(6): 386 –395.
Menezes DM de, Leal SC, Mulder J, Frencken JE. Pain experience after conventional, atraumatic, and ultraconservative restorative treatments in 6- to 7-yr-old children. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 163–168.
Mendoza-Mendoza A, Biedma Perea M, Yañez Vico RM, Iglesia Linares A. Dental fear in children: the role of previous negative dental experiences. Clin Oral Invest 2015; 19(3): 745-751.
Abdelmoniem Soad A, Mahmoud Sara A. Comparative evaluation of passive, active, and passive-active distraction techniques on pain perception during local anesthesia administration in children. Journal of Advance Research 2016; 7, 551-556.
Decruynaere C, Thonnard JL, Plaghki L. How many response levels do children distinguish on faces scales for pain assessment? European Journal of Pain 2009; 13: 641–648.
Powell CV, Kelly AM, Williams A. Determining the minimum clinically significant difference in visual analog pain score for children. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2001; 37: 28–31.
Bulloch B, Tenenbein M. Assessment of clinically significant changes in acute pain in children. Academic Emergency Medicine 2002; 9: 199–202.
Oliveira AM. A functional analysis of the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale: linearity, discriminability and amplitude. Revista de Enfermagem Referencia 2014; 4: 121-30.
Cox ICJ, Krikken JB, Veerkamp JSJ. Influence of parental presence on the child´s perception of, and behaviour during, dental treatment. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 12: 200-204.
McCaul KD, Mallot JM. Distraction and coping with pain. Psychol Bull 1984; 95: 516-33.
Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Dental fear/anxiety and dental behaviour management problems in children and adolescents: a review of prevalence and concomitant psychological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007, 17(6): 391-406.
McGrath PA. An assessment if children´s pain: a review of behavioral, physiological and direct scaling techniques. Pain 1987; 31: 147-176.
Stinson JN, Kavanagh T, Yamada J, Gill N, Stevens B. Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents. Pain 2006; 125: 143–157.
Miró J, Huguet A, Nieto R, Paredes S, Baos J. Assessment of the faces pain scale-revised for measuring pain severity in children. Rev Soc Esp Dolor 2005; 12: 407-416.
Wong-Baker FACES Foundation. Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale. Estados Unidos de America: Elsevier Inc; 2016 (Actualizado 2016; Consultado 2018 Agosto 11). Disponible en: www. wongbakerfaces.org
Stevens SS. On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 1946; 103: 677-680.
Ruskin DA, Amaria KA, Warnock FF, McGrath PA. (2011) Assessment of pain in infants and adolescents. Ed. In D.C. Turk & R. Melza, Handbook of pain assessment. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Tomlinson D, Von Baeyer CL, Stinson JN, Sung L. A systematic review of faces scales for the self-report of pain intensity in children. Pediatrics 2010; 126: 1168–1198.
Von Baeyer CL. Children’s self-report of pain intensity: What we know, where we are headed. Pain Research & Management 2009; 14: 39–45.
Tesler M, Savedra M, Holzemer W, Wilkie D, Ward J, Paul S. The wordgraphic rating scale as a measure of children’s and adolescents’ pain intensity. Res Nurs Health 1991; 14: 361-371.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Reference Manual; Pediatr Dent 2014; 36(6): 180–90.
Anderson NH. Foundations of information integration theory. New York: Academic Press; 1981.
Belter RW, McIntosh JA, Finch Jr AJ, Saylor CF. Preschoolers’ ability to differentiate levels of pain: Relative efficacy of three self-report measures. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1988; 17:
329–335.
McGrath PA, Seifert CE, Speechley KN. A new analogue scale for assessing children’s pain: an initial validation. Pain 1996; 64: 435-43.
Chambers CT, Giesbrecht K, Craig KD. A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: children’s and parent’ rating. Pain 1999; 83: 25-35.
Spagrud LJ, Piira T, Von Baeyer CL. Children’s self report of pain intensity. Am J Nurs. 2003; 103(12): 62– 64.
Beyer JE, Aradine CR. Content validity of an instrument to measure young children’s perceptions of the intensity of their pain. J Pediatr Nurs. 1986; 1(6): 386 –395.
Menezes DM de, Leal SC, Mulder J, Frencken JE. Pain experience after conventional, atraumatic, and ultraconservative restorative treatments in 6- to 7-yr-old children. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 163–168.
Mendoza-Mendoza A, Biedma Perea M, Yañez Vico RM, Iglesia Linares A. Dental fear in children: the role of previous negative dental experiences. Clin Oral Invest 2015; 19(3): 745-751.
Abdelmoniem Soad A, Mahmoud Sara A. Comparative evaluation of passive, active, and passive-active distraction techniques on pain perception during local anesthesia administration in children. Journal of Advance Research 2016; 7, 551-556.
Decruynaere C, Thonnard JL, Plaghki L. How many response levels do children distinguish on faces scales for pain assessment? European Journal of Pain 2009; 13: 641–648.
Powell CV, Kelly AM, Williams A. Determining the minimum clinically significant difference in visual analog pain score for children. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2001; 37: 28–31.
Bulloch B, Tenenbein M. Assessment of clinically significant changes in acute pain in children. Academic Emergency Medicine 2002; 9: 199–202.
Oliveira AM. A functional analysis of the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale: linearity, discriminability and amplitude. Revista de Enfermagem Referencia 2014; 4: 121-30.
Cox ICJ, Krikken JB, Veerkamp JSJ. Influence of parental presence on the child´s perception of, and behaviour during, dental treatment. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 12: 200-204.
