Reconocimiento de la Expresión Facial de las Emociones Básicas en Niños con Traumatismo Craneoencefálico Leve
Resumen
El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) infantil provoca secuelas físicas, cognitivas y sociales. Las dificultades sociales se han vinculado con alteraciones en reconocimiento de expresiones faciales emocionales (REFE). A pesar de la alta incidencia del TCE leve (TCE-L) en población infantil, la mayoría de las investigaciones son realizadas en lesiones moderadas y severas, por lo que no hay evidencia suficiente en lesiones leves en el REFE. Objetivo: Evaluar el reconocimiento de la expresión facial de las emociones básicas en niños con TCE-L. Método: Participaron 36 niños entre 4 y 8 años de edad (x=5.42±1.44) divididos en tres grupos pareados por edad y sexo: grupo con traumatismo craneoencefálico leve (TCE-L), grupo con desarrollo normotípico (NOR) y grupo con traumatismo musculoesquelético (TME). La evaluación del REFE se realizó en la etapa aguda de la lesión. Se aplicó una tarea computarizada de elección forzada, contenía 35 fotografías que expresaban seis emociones básicas (alegría, tristeza, miedo, enojo, asco y sorpresa) y una expresión neutra. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos en el REFE total, aunque los niños con TCE-L tuvieron un desempeño significativamente menor que los grupos comparativos en el reconocimiento de la expresión neutral. Los niños con TCE-L tuvieron un bajo nivel de certeza (menor al 50.0%) al reconocer las emociones de tristeza (46.6%), asco (40.0%), miedo (21.6%) y neutral (20%). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que incluso durante la fase aguda de la lesión cerebral (en la primera semana) los niños con TCE-L muestran dificultades en el REFE. Debido a que la evaluación se realizó en la fase aguda, es importante hacer un seguimiento para determinar si estos errores prevalecen en la fase crónica y, por lo tanto, podrían relacionarse con los problemas conductuales reportados por familiares en etapas posteriores del desarrollo, como en la adolescencia.
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